USA CoinI bought this coin as part of a Box of Coins from a Flea MarketIt is a Copper or Broze Coin with USA on one side and lines on the otherIt looks very old 26cm in diameter
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The Countries I Send to Include Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL) * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL) * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL) * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL) * Sint Maarten (NL) * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe
The United States of America (also called the United States, the States, the U.S., the USA, and America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world\'s most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.[6] The U.S. economy is the world\'s largest national economy, with an estimated 2010 GDP of $14.526 trillion (23% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity).[3][7]
Indigenous peoples descended from forebears who migrated from Asia have inhabited what is now the mainland United States for many thousands of years. This Native American population was greatly reduced by disease and warfare after European contact. The United States was founded by thirteen British colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their right to self-determination and their establishment of a cooperative union. The rebellious states defeated the British Empire in the American Revolution, the first successful colonial war of independence.[8] The current United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a strong central government. The Bill of Rights, comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms, was ratified in 1791.
Through the 19th century, the United States displaced native tribes, acquired the Louisiana territory from France, Florida from Spain, part of the Oregon Country from the United Kingdom, Alta California and New Mexico from Mexico, Alaska from Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over the expansion of the institution of slavery and states\' rights provoked the Civil War of the 1860s. The North\'s victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States. By the 1870s, its national economy was the world\'s largest.[9] The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country\'s status as a military power. It emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower. The country accounts for 41% of global military spending,[10] and it is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the worldPolitical divisions of the United States
States
Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming
Federal district
Washington, D.C. (District of Columbia)
Insular areas
American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · U.S. Virgin Islands
Outlying islands
Bajo Nuevo Bank · Baker Island · Howland Island · Jarvis Island · Johnston Atoll · Kingman Reef · Midway Atoll · Navassa Island · Palmyra Atoll · Serranilla Bank · Wake IslandBiggest Cities in the USA1 New York New York 8,175,133 302.6 27,016.3
2 Los Angeles California 3,792,621 468.7 8,091.8
3 Chicago Illinois 2,695,598 227.6 11,843.6
4 Houston Texas 2,099,451 599.6 3,501.4
5 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,526,006 134.1 11,379.6
6 Phoenix Arizona 1,445,632 516.7 2,797.8
7 San Antonio Texas 1,327,407 460.9 2,880.0
8 San Diego California 1,307,402 325.2 4,020.3
9 Dallas Texas 1,197,816 340.5 3,517.8
10 San Jose California 945,942 176.5 5,359.4
11 Jacksonville‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[h]
Florida 821,784 747.0 1,100.1
12 Indianapolis‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[g]
Indiana 820,445 361.4 2,270.2
13 Austin Texas 812,025 297.9 2,653.2
14 San Francisco California 805,235 46.9 17,169.2
15 Columbus Ohio 787,033 217.2 3,623.5
16 Fort Worth Texas 741,206 339.8 2,181.3
17 Charlotte North Carolina 731,424 297.7 2,456.9
18 Detroit Michigan 713,777 138.8 5,142.5
19 El Paso Texas 649,121 255.2 2,543.6
20 Memphis Tennessee 646,889 315.1 2,053.0
21 Baltimore Maryland 620,961 80.9 7,675.7
22 Boston Massachusetts 617,594 48.3 12,786.6
23 Seattle Washington 608,660 83.9 7,254.6
24 Washington District of Columbia 601,723 61.0 9,864.3
25 Nashville ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[g]
Tennessee 601,222 475.1 1,265.5
26 Denver Colorado 600,158 153.0 3,922.6
27 Louisville ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[g]
Kentucky 597,337 325.2 1,836.8
28 Milwaukee Wisconsin 594,833 96.1 6,189.7
29 Portland Oregon 583,776 134.3 4,346.8
30 Las Vegas Nevada 583,756 135.8 4,298.6
31 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 579,999 606.4 956.5
32 Albuquerque New Mexico 545,852 187.7 2,908.1
33 Tucson Arizona 520,116 226.7 2,294.3
34 Fresno California 494,665 112.0 4,416.7
35 Sacramento California 466,488 97.9 4,764.9
36 Long Beach California 462,257 50.3 9,190.0
37 Kansas City Missouri 459,787 315.0 1,459.6
38 Mesa Arizona 439,041 136.5 3,216.4
39 Virginia Beach ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[e]
Virginia 437,994 249.0 1,759.0
40 Atlanta Georgia 420,003 133.2 3,153.2
41 Colorado Springs Colorado 416,427 194.5 2,141.0
42 Omaha Nebraska 408,958 127.1 3,217.6
43 Raleigh North Carolina 403,892 142.9 2,826.4
44 Miami Florida 399,457 35.9 11,126.9
45 Cleveland Ohio 396,815 77.7 5,107.0
46 Tulsa Oklahoma 391,906 196.8 1,991.4
47 Oakland California 390,724 55.8 7,002.2
48 Minneapolis Minnesota 382,578 54.0 7,084.8
49 Wichita Kansas 382,368 159.3 2,400.3
50 Arlington Texas 365,438 95.9 3,810.6
51 Bakersfield California 347,483 142.2 2,443.6
52 New Orleans Louisiana 343,829 169.4 2,029.7
53 Honolulu ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[b]
Hawaii 337,256 60.5 5,574.5
54 Anaheim California 336,265 49.8 6,752.3
55 Tampa Florida 335,709 113.4 2,960.4
56 Aurora Colorado 325,078 154.7 2,101.3
57 Santa Ana California 324,528 27.3 11,887.5
58 Saint Louis ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[d]
Missouri 319,294 61.9 5,158.2
59 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 305,704 55.4 5,518.1
60 Corpus Christi Texas 305,215 160.6 1,900.5
61 Riverside California 303,871 81.1 3,746.9
62 Cincinnati Ohio 296,943 77.9 3,811.8
63 Lexington Kentucky 295,803 283.6 1,043.0
64 Anchorage Alaska 291,826 1,704.7 171.2
65 Stockton California 291,707 61.7 4,727.8
66 Toledo Ohio 287,208 80.7 3,559.0
67 Saint Paul Minnesota 285,068 52.0 5,482.1
68 Newark New Jersey 277,140 24.2 11,452.1
69 Greensboro North Carolina 269,666 126.5 2,131.7
70 Buffalo New York 261,310 40.4 6,468.1
71 Plano Texas 259,841 71.6 3,629.1
72 Lincoln Nebraska 258,379 89.1 2,899.9
73 Henderson Nevada 257,729 107.7 2,393.0
74 Fort Wayne Indiana 253,691 110.6 2,293.8
75 Jersey City New Jersey 247,597 14.8 16,729.5
76 Saint Petersburg Florida 244,769 61.7 3,967.1
77 Chula Vista California 243,916 49.6 4,917.7
78 Norfolk ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[e]
Virginia 242,803 54.1 4,488.0
79 Orlando Florida 238,300 102.4 2,327.1
80 Chandler Arizona 236,123 64.4 3,666.5
81 Laredo Texas 236,091 88.9 2,655.7
82 Madison Wisconsin 233,209 76.8 3,036.6
83 Winston-Salem North Carolina 229,617 132.4 1,734.3
84 Lubbock Texas 229,573 122.4 1,875.6
85 Baton Rouge Louisiana 229,493 76.9 2,984.3
86 Durham North Carolina 228,330 107.4 2,126.0
87 Garland Texas 226,876 57.1 3,973.3
88 Glendale Arizona 226,721 60.0 3,778.7
89 Reno Nevada 225,221 103.0 2,186.6
90 Hialeah Florida 224,669 21.5 10,449.7
91 Chesapeake ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[e]
Virginia 222,209 340.8 652.0
92 Scottsdale Arizona 217,385 183.9 1,182.1
93 North Las Vegas Nevada 216,961 101.3 2,141.8
94 Irving Texas 216,290 67.0 3,228.2
95 Fremont California 214,089 77.5 2,762.4
96 Irvine California 212,375 66.1 3,212.9
97 Birmingham Alabama 212,237 146.1 1,452.7
98 Rochester New York 210,565 35.8 5,881.7
99 San Bernardino California 209,924 59.2 3,546.0
100 Spokane Washington 208,916 59.2 3,529.0
101 Gilbert Arizona 208,453 68.0 3,065.5
102 Arlington ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[c]
Virginia 207,627 26.0 7,985.7
103 Montgomery Alabama 205,764 159.6 1,289.2
104 Boise Idaho 205,671 79.4 2,590.3
105 Richmond ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[e]
Virginia 204,214 59.8 3,414.9
106 Des Moines Iowa 203,433 80.9 2,514.6
107 Modesto California 201,165 36.9 5,451.6
108 Fayetteville North Carolina 200,654 145.8 1,376.2
109 Shreveport Louisiana 199,311 105.4 1,891.0
110 Akron Ohio 199,110 62.0 3,211.5
111 Tacoma Washington 198,397 49.7 3,991.9
112 Aurora Illinois 197,899 44.9 4,407.6
113 Oxnard California 197,899 26.9 7,356.8
114 Fontana California 196,069 42.4 4,624.3
115 Yonkers New York 195,976 18.0 10,887.6
116 Augusta ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[g]
Georgia 195,844 302.5 647.4
117 Mobile Alabama 195,111 139.1 1,402.7
118 Little Rock Arkansas 193,524 119.2 1,623.5
119 Moreno Valley California 193,365 51.3 3,769.3
120 Glendale California 191,719 30.5 6,285.9
121 Amarillo Texas 190,695 99.5 1,916.5
122 Huntington Beach California 189,992 26.7 7,115.8
123 Columbus Georgia 189,885 216.4 877.5
124 Grand Rapids Michigan 188,040 44.4 4,235.1
125 Salt Lake City Utah 186,440 111.1 1,678.1
126 Tallahassee Florida 181,376 100.2 1,810.1
127 Worcester Massachusetts 181,045 37.4 4,840.8
128 Newport News ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[e]
Virginia 180,719 68.7 2,630.6
129 Huntsville Alabama 180,105 209.1 861.3
130 Knoxville Tennessee 178,874 98.5 1,816.0
131 Providence Rhode Island 178,042 18.4 9,676.2
132 Santa Clarita California 176,320 52.7 3,345.7
133 Grand Prairie Texas 175,396 72.1 2,432.7
134 Brownsville Texas 175,023 132.3 1,322.9
135 Jackson Mississippi 173,514 111.0 1,563.2
136 Overland Park Kansas 173,372 74.8 2,317.8
137 Garden Grove California 170,883 17.9 9,546.5
138 Santa Rosa California 167,815 41.3 4,063.3
139 Chattanooga Tennessee 167,674 137.2 1,222.1
140 Oceanside California 167,086 41.2 4,055.5
141 Fort Lauderdale Florida 165,521 34.8 4,756.4
142 Rancho Cucamonga California 165,269 39.9 4,142.1
143 Port Saint Lucie Florida 164,603 114.0 1,443.9
144 Ontario California 163,924 49.9 3,285.1
145 Vancouver Washington 161,791 46.5 3,479.4
146 Tempe Arizona 161,719 39.9 4,053.1
147 Springfield Missouri 159,498 81.7 1,952.2
148 Lancaster California 156,633 94.3 1,661.0
149 Eugene Oregon 156,185 43.7 3,574.0
150 Pembroke Pines Florida 154,750 33.1 4,675.2
151 Salem Oregon 154,637 47.9 3,228.3
152 Cape Coral Florida 154,305 105.7 1,459.8
153 Peoria Arizona 154,065 174.4 883.4
154 Sioux Falls South Dakota 153,888 73.0 2,108.1
155 Springfield Massachusetts 153,060 31.9 4,798.1
156 Elk Grove California 153,015 42.2 3,625.9
157 Rockford Illinois 152,871 61.1 2,502.0
158 Palmdale California 152,750 106.0 1,441.0
159 Corona California 152,374 38.8 3,927.2
160 Salinas California 150,441 23.2 6,484.5
161 Pomona California 149,058 23.0 6,480.8
162 Pasadena Texas 149,043 42.8 3,482.3
163 Joliet Illinois 147,433 62.1 2,374.1
164 Paterson New Jersey 146,199 8.4 17,404.6
165 Kansas City Kansas 145,786 124.8 1,168.2
166 Torrance California 145,438 20.5 7,094.5
167 Syracuse New York 145,170 25.0 5,806.8
168 Bridgeport Connecticut 144,229 16.0 9,014.3
169 Hayward California 144,186 45.3 3,182.9
170 Fort Collins Colorado 143,986 54.3 2,651.7
171 Escondido California 143,911 36.8 3,910.6
172 Lakewood Colorado 142,980 42.9 3,332.9
173 Naperville Illinois 141,853 38.8 3,656.0
174 Dayton Ohio 141,527 55.7 2,540.9
175 Hollywood Florida 140,768 27.4 5,137.5
176 Sunnyvale California 140,081 22.0 6,367.3
177 Alexandria ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[f]
Virginia 139,966 15.0 9,331.1
178 Mesquite Texas 139,824 46.0 3,039.7
179 Hampton ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[f]
Virginia 137,436 51.4 2,673.9
180 Pasadena California 137,122 23.0 5,961.8
181 Orange California 136,416 24.8 5,500.6
182 Savannah Georgia 136,286 103.2 1,320.6
183 Cary North Carolina 135,234 54.3 2,490.5
184 Fullerton California 135,161 22.4 6,034.0
185 Warren Michigan 134,056 34.4 3,897.0
186 Clarksville Tennessee 132,929 97.6 1,362.0
187 McKinney Texas 131,117 62.2 2,108.0
188 McAllen Texas 129,877 48.3 2,689.0
189 New Haven Connecticut 129,779 18.7 6,940.1
190 Sterling Heights Michigan 129,699 36.5 3,553.4
191 West Valley City Utah 129,480 35.6 3,637.1
192 Columbia South Carolina 129,272 132.2 977.9
193 Killeen Texas 127,921 53.6 2,386.6
194 Topeka Kansas 127,473 60.2 2,117.5
195 Thousand Oaks California 126,683 55.0 2,303.3
196 Cedar Rapids Iowa 126,326 70.8 1,784.3
197 Olathe Kansas 125,872 59.7 2,108.4
198 Elizabeth New Jersey 124,969 12.3 10,160.1
199 Waco Texas 124,805 89.0 1,402.3
200 Hartford Connecticut 124,775 17.4 7,171.0
201 Visalia California 124,442 36.2 3,437.6
202 Gainesville Florida 124,354 61.3 2,028.6
203 Simi Valley California 124,237 41.5 2,993.7
204 Stamford Connecticut 122,643 37.6 3,261.8
205 Bellevue Washington 122,363 32.0 3,823.8
206 Concord California 122,067 30.5 4,002.2
207 Miramar Florida 122,041 29.5 4,137.0
208 Coral Springs Florida 121,096 23.8 5,088.1
209 Lafayette Louisiana 120,623 49.2 2,451.7
210 Charleston South Carolina 120,083 109.0 1,101.7
211 Carrollton Texas 119,097 36.3 3,280.9
212 Roseville California 118,788 36.2 3,281.4
213 Thornton Colorado 118,772 34.8 3,413.0
214 Beaumont Texas 118,296 82.8 1,428.7
215 Allentown Pennsylvania 118,032 17.5 6,744.7
216 Surprise Arizona 117,517 105.7 1,111.8
217 Evansville Indiana 117,429 44.2 2,656.8
218 Abilene Texas 117,063 106.8 1,096.1
219 Frisco Texas 116,989 61.8 1,893.0
220 Independence Missouri 116,830 77.6 1,505.5
221 Santa Clara California 116,468 18.4 6,329.8
222 Springfield Illinois 116,250 59.5 1,953.8
223 Vallejo California 115,942 30.7 3,776.6
224 Victorville California 115,903 73.2 1,583.4
225 Athens ‹The template Cref2 is being considered for deletion.›
[g]
Georgia 115,452 116.4 991.9
226 Peoria Illinois 115,007 48.0 2,396.0
227 Lansing Michigan 114,297 36.0 3,174.9
228 Ann Arbor Michigan 113,934 27.8 4,098.3
229 El Monte California 113,475 9.6 11,820.3
230 Denton Texas 113,383 88.0 1,288.4
231 Berkeley California 112,580 10.5 10,721.9
232 Provo Utah 112,488 41.7 2,697.6
233 Downey California 111,772 12.4 9,013.9
234 Midland Texas 111,147 72.1 1,541.6
235 Norman Oklahoma 110,925 178.8 620.4
236 Waterbury Connecticut 110,366 28.5 3,872.5
237 Costa Mesa California 109,960 15.7 7,003.8
238 Inglewood California 109,673 9.1 12,052.0
239 Manchester New Hampshire 109,565 33.1 3,310.1
240 Murfreesboro Tennessee 108,755 55.3 1,966.6
241 Columbia Missouri 108,500 63.1 1,719.5
242 Elgin Illinois 108,188 37.2 2,908.3
243 Clearwater Florida 107,685 25.6 4,206.4
244 Miami Gardens Florida 107,167 18.2 5,888.3
245 Rochester Minnesota 106,769 54.6 1,955.5
246 Pueblo Colorado 106,595 53.6 1,988.7
247 Lowell Massachusetts 106,519 13.6 7,832.3
248 Wilmington North Carolina 106,476 51.5 2,067.5
249 Arvada Colorado 106,433 35.1 3,032.3
250 Ventura California 106,433 21.7 4,904.7
251 Westminster Colorado 106,114 31.6 3,358.0
252 West Covina California 106,098 16.0 6,631.1
253 Gresham Oregon 105,594 23.2 4,551.5
254 Fargo North Dakota 105,549 48.8 2,162.9
255 Norwalk California 105,549 9.7 10,881.3
256 Carlsbad California 105,328 37.7 2,793.8
257 Fairfield California 105,321 37.4 2,816.1
258 Cambridge Massachusetts 105,162 6.4 16,431.6
259 Wichita Falls Texas 104,553 72.1 1,450.1
260 High Point North Carolina 104,371 53.8 1,940.0
261 Billings Montana 104,170 43.4 2,400.2
262 Green Bay Wisconsin 104,057 45.5 2,287.0
263 West Jordan Utah 103,712 32.5 3,191.1
264 Richmond California 103,701 30.1 3,445.2
265 Murrieta California 103,466 33.6 3,079.3
266 Burbank California 103,340 17.3 5,973.4
267 Palm Bay Florida 103,190 65.7 1,570.6
268 Everett Washington 103,019 33.4 3,084.4
269 Flint Michigan 102,434 33.4 3,066.9
270 Antioch California 102,372 28.3 3,617.4
271 Erie Pennsylvania 101,786 19.1 5,329.1
272 South Bend Indiana 101,168 41.5 2,437.8
273 Daly City California 101,123 7.7 13,132.9
274 Centennial Colorado 100,377 28.7 3,497.5
275 Temecula California 100,097 30.2 3,31Coins are pieces of hard material used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a government.Coins are usually metal or alloy metal, or sometimes made of synthetic materials. They are usually disc shaped. Coins made of valuable metal are stored in large quantities as bullion coins. Other coins are used as money in everyday transactions, circulating alongside banknotes: these coins are usually worth less than banknotes: usually the highest value coin in circulation (i.e. excluding bullion coins) is worth less than the lowest-value note. In the last hundred years, the face value of circulation coins has occasionally been lower than the value of the metal they contain, for example due to inflation. If the difference becomes significant, the issuing authority may decide to withdraw these coins from circulation, or the general public may decide to melt the coins down or hoard them (see Gresham\'s law).Exceptions to the rule of face value being higher than content value also occur for some bullion coins made of silver or gold (and, rarely, other metals, such as platinum or palladium), intended for collectors or investors in precious metals. Examples of modern gold collector/investor coins include the British sovereign minted by the United Kingdom, the American Gold Eagle minted by the United States, the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf minted by Canada, and the Krugerrand, minted by South Africa. The American Gold Eagle has a face value of US$50, and the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coins also have nominal (purely symbolic) face values (e.g. C$50 for 1 oz.); but the Krugerrand does not.Historically, a great quantity of coinage metals (including alloys) and other materials (e.g. porcelain) have been used to produce coins for circulation, collection, and metal investment: bullion coins often serve as more convenient stores of assured metal quantity and purity than other bullion.[1]Today, the term coin can also be used in reference to digital currencies which are not issued by a state. As of 2013, examples include BitCoin and LiteCoin, among others.As coins have long been used as money, in some languages the same word is used for \"coin\" and \"currency\".
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The first coins were developed independently in Iron Age Anatolia and Archaic Greece, India & China around 600-700 BC. Coins spread rapidly in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, throughout Greece and Persia, and further to the Balkans.[2]Standardized Roman currency was used throughout the Roman Empire. Important Roman gold and silver coins were continued into the Middle Ages (see Gold dinar, Solidus, Aureus, Denarius). Ancient and early medieval coins in theory had the value of their metal content, although there have been many instances throughout history of the metal content of coins being debased, so that the inferior coins were worth less in metal than their face value. Fiat money first arose in medieval China, with the jiaozi paper money. Early paper money was introduced in Europe in the later Middle Ages, but some coins continued to have the value of the gold or silver they contained throughout the Early Modern period. The penny was mint (coin)ed as a silver coin until the 17th century. The first copper pennies were minted in the United States in the 1790s.[3][citation needed] Silver content was reduced in many coins in the 19th century (use of billon), and the first coins made entirely of base metal (e.g. nickel, cupronickel, aluminium bronze), representing values higher than the value of their metal, were minted in the mid 19th century.Bronze Age predecessors[edit]An Oxhide ingot from Crete. Late Bronze Age metal ingots were given standard shapes, such as the shape of an \"ox-hide\", suggesting that they represented standardized values.
Coins were an evolution of \"currency\" systems of the Late Bronze Age, where standard-sized ingots, and tokens such as knife money, were used to store and transfer value. In the late Chinese Bronze Age, standardized cast tokens were made, such as those discovered in a tomb near Anyang.[4][5] These were replicas in bronze of earlier Chinese money, cowrie shells, so they were named Bronze Shell.[6][7][8] These, as well as later Chinese bronzes, were replicas of knives, spades, and hoes, but not \"coins\" in the narrow sense, as they did not carry a mark or marks certifying them to be of a definite exchange value.[9]Iron Age[edit]Further information: Archaic period of ancient Greek coinage1/3rd stater from Lydia, 6th century BC.
Electrum coin from Ephesus, 620-600 BC. Obverse: Forepart of stag. Reverse: Square incuse punch.
Anatolian gold coin from 4th century BC Mysia.
Greek drachma of Aegina. Obverse: Land Chelone / Reverse: ΑΙΓ(INA) and dolphin. The oldest Aegina Chelone coins depicted sea turtles and were minted ca. 700 BC.[10]
The earliest coins are mostly associated with Iron Age Anatolia, especially with the kingdom of Lydia.[11] Early electrum coins were not standardized in weight, and in their earliest stage may have been ritual objects, such as badges or medals, issued by priests.[12] Many early Lydian and Greek coins were minted under the authority of private individuals and are thus more akin to tokens or badges than to modern coins,[13] though due to their numbers it is evident that some were official state issues, with King Alyattes of Lydia being a frequently mentioned originator of coinage.[14]The first Lydian coins were made of electrum, a naturally occurring alloy of silver and gold that was further alloyed with added silver and copper.[15] Most of the early Lydian coins include no writing (\"legend\" or \"inscription\"), only an image of a symbolic animal. Therefore the dating of these coins relies primarily on archaeological evidence, with the most commonly cited evidence coming from excavations at the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, also called the Ephesian Artemision (which would later evolve into one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World). Because the oldest lion head \"coins\" were discovered in that temple, and they do not appear to have been used in commerce, these objects may not have been coins but badges or medals issued by the priests of that temple. Anatolian Artemis was the Πὀτνια Θηρῶν (Potnia Thêrôn, \"Mistress of Animals\"), whose symbol was the stag.A small percentage of early Lydian/Greek coins have a legend.[16] A famous early electrum coin, the most ancient inscribed coin at present known, is from nearby Caria. This coin has a Greek legend reading phaenos emi sema [17] interpreted variously as \"I am the badge of Phanes\", or \"I am the sign of light\",[18] or \"I am the tomb of light\", or \"I am the tomb of Phanes\". The coins of Phanes are known to be amongst the earliest of Greek coins, a hemihekte of the issue was found in the foundation deposit of the temple of Artemis at Ephesos (the oldest deposit of electrum coins discovered). One assumption is that Phanes was a wealthy merchant, another that this coin is associated with Apollo-Phanes and, due to the Deer, with Artemis (twin sister of the god of light Apollo-Phaneos). Although only seven Phanes type coins were discovered, it is also notable that 20% of all early electrum coins also have the lion of Artemis and the sun burst of Apollo-Phaneos. Alternatively, Phanes may have been the Halicarnassian mercenary of Amasis mentioned by Herodotus, who escaped to the court of Cambyses, and became his guide in the invasion of Egypt in 527 or 525 BC. According to Herodotus, this Phanes was buried alive by a sandstorm, together with 50,000 Persian soldiers, while trying to conquer the temple of Amun–Zeus in Egypt.[19] The fact that the Greek word \"Phanes\" also means light (or lamp), and the word \"sema\" also means tomb makes this coin a famous and controversial one.[20]Another candidate for the site of the earliest coins is Aegina, where Chelone (\"turtle\") coins were first minted on 700 BC,[21] either by the local Aegina people or by Pheidon king of Argos (who first set the standards of weights and measures). In the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, there is a unique electrum stater of Aegina.[10][22][unreliable source?]Coins from Athens and Corinth appeared shortly thereafter, known to exist at least since the late 6th century BC.[23]Classical Antiquity[edit]Further information: Ancient Greek coinage, Achaemenid coinage, Illyrian coinage, Roman currency, Coinage of India, Aureus, Solidus (coin), Denarius, and AntoninianusSet of three roman aurei depicting the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Top to bottom: Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. 69-96 AD.
Coinage followed Greek colonization and influence first around the Mediterranean and soon after to North Africa (including Egypt), Syria, Persia, and the Balkans.[24]Coins were minted in the Achaemenid Empire, including the gold darics and silver sigloi. and with the Achemenid conquest of Gandhara under Darius the Great ca. 520 BC, the practice spread to the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The coins of this period were called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana.[25] These earliest Indian coins, however, are unlike those circulated in Persia, which were derived from the Greek/Anatolian type; they not disk-shaped but rather stamped bars of metal, suggesting that the innovation of stamped currency was added to a pre-existing form of token currency which had already been present in the Mahajanapada kingdoms of the Indian Iron Age. Mahajanapadas that minted their own coins included Gandhara, Kuntala, Kuru, Panchala, Shakya, Surasena and Surashtra.[26]In China, early round coins appear in the 4th century BC.The first Roman coins, which were crude, heavy cast bronzes, were issued ca. 289 BMost coins presently are made of a base metal, and their value comes from their status as fiat money. This means that the value of the coin is decreed by government fiat (law), and thus is determined by the free market only inasmuch as national currencies are used in domestic trade and also traded internationally on foreign exchange markets. Thus these coins are monetary tokens, just as paper currency is: they are usually not backed by metal, but rather by some form of government guarantee. Some have suggested that such coins not be considered to be \"true coins\" (see below). Thus there is very little economic difference between notes and coins of equivalent face value.Coins may be in circulation with fiat values lower than the value of their component metals, but they are never initially issued with such value, and the shortfall only arises over time due to inflation, as market values for the metal overtake the fiat declared face value of the coin. Examples are the pre-1965 US dime, quarter, half dollar, and dollar, US nickel, and pre-1982 US penny. As a result of the increase in the value of copper, the United States greatly reduced the amount of copper in each penny. Since mid-1982, United States pennies are made of 97.5% zinc, with the remaining 2.5% being a coating of copper. Extreme differences between fiat values and metal values of coins causes coins to be hoarded or removed from circulation by illicit smelters in order to realise the value of their metal content. This is an example of Gresham\'s law. The United States Mint, in an attempt to avoid this, implemented new interim rules on December 14, 2006, subject to public comment for 30 days, which criminalized the melting and export of pennies and nickels.[30] Violators can be fined up to $10,000 and/or imprisoned for up to five years.A coin\'s value as a collector\'s item or as an investment generally depends on its condition, specific historical significance, rarity, quality/beauty of the design and general popularity with collectors. If a coin is greatly lacking in all of these, it is unlikely to be worth much. The value of bullion coins is also influenced to some extent by those factors, but is largely based on the value of their gold, silver, or platinum content. Sometimes non-monetized bullion coins such as the Canadian Maple Leaf and the American Gold Eagle are minted with nominal face values less than the value of the metal in them, but as such coins are never intended for circulation, these face values have no relevance.Coins can be used as creative medium of expression – from fine art sculpture to the penny machines that can be found in most amusement parks. In the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in the United States there are some regulations specific to nickels and pennies that are informative on this topic. 31 CFR § 82.1 foroffers unauthorized persons from exporting, melting, or treating any 5 or 1 cent coins.This has been a particular problem with nickels and dimes (and with some comparable coins in other currencies) because of their relatively low face value and unstable commodity prices. For a while the copper in US pennies was worth more than one cent, so people would hoard pennies then melt them down for their metal value. It costs more than face value to manufacture pennies or nickels, so any widespread loss of the coins in circulation could be expensive for the Treasury. This was more of a problem when coins were still made of precious metals like silver and gold, so historically strict laws against alteration make more sense.31 CFR § 82.2 goes on to state that: \"(b) The prohibition contained in § 82.1 against the treatment of 5-cent coins and one-cent coins shall not apply to the treatment of these coins for educational, amusement, novelty, jewelry, and similar purposes as long as the volumes treated and the nature of the treatment makes it clear that such treatment is not intended as a means by which to profit solely from the value of the metal content of the coins.\"Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world[1] with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world\'s population[2][3][4]) and covering 6.5 million square kilometers (2.5 million sq mi) during its height between the first and second centuries AD.[5][6][7]In its approximately 12 centuries of existence, Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to a classical republic to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation, it came to dominate Southern Europe, Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, parts of Northern Europe, and parts of Eastern Europe. Rome was preponderant throughout the Mediterranean region and was one of the most powerful entities of the ancient world. It is often grouped into \"Classical Antiquity\" together with ancient Greece, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world.The Romans are still remembered today, including names such as Julius Caesar, Cicero, and Augustus. Ancient Roman society contributed greatly to government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language, society and more in the Western world. A civilization highly developed for its time, Rome professionalized and greatly expanded its military and created a system of government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republics[8][9][10] such as the United States and France. It achieved impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the construction of an extensive system of aqueducts and roads, as well as large monuments, palaces, and public facilities.By the end of the Republic, Rome had conquered the lands around the Mediterranean and beyond: its domain extended from the Atlantic to Arabia and from the mouth of the Rhine to North Africa. The Roman Empire emerged under the leadership of Augustus Caesar. Under Trajan, the Empire reached its territorial peak. Republican mores and traditions started to decline during the imperial period, with civil wars becoming a common ritual for a new emperor\'s rise.[11][12][13] States, such as Palmyra, temporarily divided the Empire in a third-century crisis. Soldier emperors reunified it, by dividing the empire between Western and Eastern halves.Plagued by internal instability and attacked by various migrating peoples, the western part of the empire broke up into independent kingdoms in the 5th century. This splintering is a landmark historians use to divide the ancient period of universal history from the pre-mediaeval \"Dark Ages\" of Europe.The Eastern Roman Empire survived this crisis and was governed from Constantinople after the division of the Empire. It comprised Greece, the Balkans, Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt. Despite the later loss of Syria and Egypt to the Arab-Islamic Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire continued for another millennium, until its remnants were annexed by the emerging Turkish Ottoman Empire. This eastern, Christian, medieval stage of the Empire is usually called the Byzantine Empire by historians.
Ancient Rome topicsOutline ·
Timeline
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Roman mythology and religionDeitiesApollo ·
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She-wolf suckles Romulus and Remus.jpgAbstract deitiesConcordia ·
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Ancus Marcius
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Fasti)
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classical mythology
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Crisis
235–284Maximinus Thrax ·
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Eastern/
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395–1204Arcadius ·
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Constantine V ·
Artabasdos ·
Leo IV the Khazar ·
Constantine VI ·
Irene ·
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Michael II the Amorian ·
Theophilos ·
Michael III ·
Basil I the Macedonian ·
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Alexander ·
Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos ·
Romanos I Lekapenos ·
Romanos II ·
Nikephoros II Phokas ·
John I Tzimiskes ·
Basil II ·
Constantine VIII ·
Zoe ·
Romanos III Argyros ·
Michael IV the Paphlagonian ·
Michael V Kalaphates ·
Constantine IX Monomachos ·
Theodora ·
Michael VI Bringas ·
Isaac I Komnenos ·
Constantine X Doukas ·
Romanos IV Diogenes ·
Michael VII Doukas ·
Nikephoros III Botaneiates ·
Alexios I Komnenos ·
John II Komnenos ·
Manuel I Komnenos ·
Alexios II Komnenos ·
Andronikos I Komnenos ·
Isaac II Angelos ·
Alexios III Angelos ·
Alexios IV Angelos ·
Alexios V Doukas
Empire of Nicaea
1204–1261Constantine Laskaris ·
Theodore I Laskaris ·
John III Doukas Vatatzes ·
Theodore II Laskaris ·
John IV Laskaris
Eastern/
Byzantine Empire
1261–1453Michael VIII Palaiologos ·
Andronikos II Palaiologos ·
Michael IX Palaiologos ·
Andronikos III Palaiologos ·
John V Palaiologos ·
John VI Kantakouzenos ·
Matthew Kantakouzenos ·
Andronikos IV Palaiologos ·
John VII Palaiologos ·
Andronikos V Palaiologos ·
Manuel II Palaiologos ·
John VIII Palaiologos ·
Constantine XI Palaiologos
Ancient Greece was a Greek civilization belonging to a period of Greek history that lasted from the Archaic period[citation needed] of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (ca. 600 AD). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era.[1] Included in ancient Greece is the period of Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Classical Greece began with the repelling of a Persian invasion by Athenian leadership. Because of conquests by Alexander the Great, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea.Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean region and Europe, for which reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture.[Ancient GreeceOutline ·
Timeline
PeriodsCycladic civilization ·
Minoan civilization ·
Mycenaean civilization ·
Greek Dark Ages ·
Archaic period ·
Classical Greece ·
Hellenistic Greece ·
Roman Greece
GeographyAegean Sea ·
Aeolis ·
Alexandria ·
Antioch ·
Crete ·
Cyprus ·
Cappadocia ·
Doris ·
Hellespont ·
Ephesus ·
Epirus ·
Ionian Sea ·
Ionia ·
Macedonia ·
Magna Graecia ·
Miletus ·
Pergamon ·
Peloponnesus ·
Pontus ·
Ancient Greek colonies
City statesArgos ·
Athens ·
Byzantium ·
Chalkis ·
Corinth ·
Megalopolis ·
Rhodes ·
Syracuse ·
Sparta ·
Thebes
PoliticsAthenian democracy (Agora ·
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Ecclesia ·
Graphē paranómōn ·
Heliaia ·
Ostracism)
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Boeotarch ·
Boule ·
Koinon ·
Proxeny ·
Spartan Constitution (Apella ·
Ephor ·
Gerousia ·
Harmost)
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Strategos ·
Synedrion ·
Tagus ·
Tyrant ·
Amphictyonic League
RulersKings of Argos ·
Archons of Athens ·
Kings of Athens ·
Kings of Commagene ·
Diadochi ·
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LifeAgriculture ·
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MilitaryWars ·
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Antigonid Macedonian army ·
Army of Macedon ·
Ballista ·
Cretan archers ·
Hellenistic armies ·
Hippeis ·
Hoplite ·
Hetairoi ·
Macedonian phalanx ·
Phalanx formation ·
Peltast ·
Pezhetairos ·
Sarissa ·
Sacred Band of Thebes ·
Sciritae ·
Seleucid army ·
Spartan army ·
Toxotai ·
Xiphos ·
Xyston
PeoplePhilosophersAnaxagoras ·
Anaximander ·
Anaximenes ·
Antisthenes ·
Aristotle ·
Democritus ·
Diogenes of Sinope ·
Epicurus ·
Empedocles ·
Heraclitus ·
Hypatia ·
Leucippus ·
Gorgias ·
Parmenides ·
Plato ·
Protagoras ·
Pythagoras ·
Socrates ·
Thales ·
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StructuresTemple of Artemis ·
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Ancient Greek and Roman warsWars of ancient GreeceTrojan War ·
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Lamian War ·
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Social War (220–217 BC) ·
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War against Nabis ·
Maccabean Revolt
Wars of the Roman RepublicRoman-Latin wars (First Latin War (Battle of Lake Regillus)
·
Second Latin War)
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Samnite Wars ·
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Punic Wars (First, Second, Third) ·
Macedonian Wars (Illyrian ·
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Second)
·
Mithridatic Wars (First ·
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Third)
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Gallic Wars ·
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Liberators\' ·
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Final)
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·
Wars in Britain ·
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Civil Wars of the Third Century ·
Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
