Wow a lot of questions.
Let me see if I can answer them all.
1. Global mod is just that they have permission to all forums.
2. A regular moderator is assigned to a specific forum or forums.
3. The moderators (global and normal moderator) each have a group they are assigned to.
So one or both groups could have been assigned full permission to the control panel.
So a moderator or global moderator can't creat another mod or admin unless they are given permissions to the control panel.
Even with all that the main admin can't be changed by anyone.
Nor can any class of moderator upgrade themselves to a admin.
Unless they have cp acsess and then they have limited powers.
That is about as detailed as I can get without dealing with each item one at a time.